Excavations

There are countless, unearthed artifacts from the geographic region encompassed by https://experience.tripster.ru/experience/Ulyanovsk/sights/ Raising Up Pharaoh. Throughout the world, these fill museums, the drawing rooms of private collectors, the shops of antiquities dealers, and in the hands of some hawking souvenirs in open markets. Most are still in the ground. Remarkably, the ones in the ground are the most valuable, for we know from where and, probably with modern technology, when the artifacts have come.

This key concept to understanding an artifact and its place in history is to know its provenance. Where was it unearthed? To what period was that place dated? Any artifact above the ground without an irrefutable record of its provenance is of no more value than what you see. It might date to the Iron, Bronze, Chalcolithic, or Neolithic Age, but you don’t know. It might be an artful copy from a later age, or a cunning modern counterfeit.

For this reason, professionally managed excavations are essential to our understanding of the material culture at a specific place and point-in-time. More recently trained excavators are more meticulous, benefitting from the hard lessons of spoiled provenance that were learned from earlier excavations, now employing techniques developed to avoid the failures of prior techniques.

Below are links to excavations which have proved or are proving pivotal to our understanding of how man progressed (and regressed) over the ten millennia of the Holocene. The sites are ordered from the deepest antiquity (of their earliest settlement) down to the most recent. The dating is done in years before our time, e.g. B.P., Before Present. I chose the introductory sources based upon what will give you the quickest insight. Start from there and Google it further. If the site is related to a site in Raising Up Pharaoh, the book name is in italics.

 

12,000 B.P. Jericho.

  • Wikipedia, Jericho
  • Archaeologist Vassar College, Kathleen Mary Kenyon
  • Jericho excavation images

 

12,000 B.P. Gobekli Tepe.

  • Wikipedia, Gobeki Tepe
  • Global Heritage Network, Gobekli Tepe, Turkey
  • Gobekli tepe excavation images

 

9,000 B.P. Catal Huyuk.

  • Wikipedia, Catal Huyuk
  •  YouTube video   “Welcome to Catalhoyuk”
  • Catal Huyuk excavation images 

 

9,000 B.P. Ain Ghazal.

  • Wikipedia, Ain Ghazal
  • BAS archive: Invoking the Spirit
  • Religion: YouTube video  Five Statues from Ain Ghazal, Jordan
  • Excavation images: Aim Ghazal excavation google.com images 

 

9,000 B.P. Susa.

  • From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Susa
  • Encyclopedia Iranica, Susa Excavations
  • Susa excavation images

 

9,000 B.P. Mehrgarh, Indus Valley

  • Wikipedia, Mehrgarh, 9,000-2,500
  • B.P.Mehrgarh Excavation Images

8,000 B.P. Choga Mami.

  • Wikipedia, Choga Mami
  • Excavations Overview from Oriental Institute

 

8,000 B.P. Ubaid civilization, first layer, southernmost.

  • Wikipedia, Ubaid period
  • Columbia University, Gil Stein Paper
  • Ubaid excavations, google.com  images  

 

8,000 B.P. Ugarit.

  • Wikipedia, Ugarit
  • Discovery and Excavation, USC 
  • Ugarit excavations images google.com

 

 7,500 B.P. Timna Valley Copper Mines. 

  • Wikipedia, Timna Valley
  • Timna Valley Mines, images
  • Blog Post #9

 

7,500 B.P. Sumer. Reilend civilization, second layer, expanding upriver.

  • Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia “Sumer”
  • Sumer excavations, images

 

6,800 B.P. Ur.

  • Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: Ur
  • Ancient History encyclopedia
  • Ur excavation images

 

6,000 B.P. Uruk.

  • Wikipedia: Uruk
  • Oxford: The site of Uruk, modern Warka
  • Uruk excavation images

 

6,000 B.P. Mari.

  • Wikipedia: Mari
  • Popular Archaeology: Mari, the city of 25,000
  • Mari excavation images

 

6,000 B.P. Ashkelon.

  • Wikipedia: Ashkelon
  • Leon Levy Expedition
  • Transition from Late Chalcolithic to EB I in Southwest Canaan
  • Ashklon excavation images google.com

 

6,000 B.P. Naqada & Hierakonpolis.

  • From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Naqada III
  • Predynastic Cemeteries Introduction
  • Naqada excavation images

 

6,000 B.P. Abydos.

  • From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Abydos, Egypt
  • Brown Archaeological Excavations at Abydos
  • Abydos excavation images

 

6,000 B.P. Hamoukar.

  • From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia “Hamoukar”
  • Oriental Institute: The Hamoukar Expedition
  • Hamoukar excavation images google.com

 

6,000 B.P. Maadi.

  • Wikipedia, Maadi
  • DAI Excavation: Prehistoric settlement near the suburbs of Cairo
  • Maadi excavation images google.com  

 

5,500 B.P. En Gedi.

  • Wikipedia, En Gedi
  • Chalcolithic Temple of En Gedi
  • SBF Study Guide: En Gedi
  • See Blog Post #6

 

5,000 B.P. Eilat & Ezion-Geber.

  • Overview of Eilat Region
  • Eilat & Ezion-Geber Excavations

 

5,000 B.P. Emar.

  • Wikipedia, Emar
  • Syrian- German excavations at Emar, Meskene, Syria
  • Emar excavation images

 

5,000 B.P. Ebla.

  • Wikipedia, Ebla
  • Ebla, Official Site of the Italian Archaeological Mission in Syria
  • Ebla excavations images google.com

 

5,000 B.P. Alalakh.

  • Wikipedia, Alalakh
  • The Excavations at Alalakh
  • Alalakh excavation images

 

5,000 B.P. Tuttul.

  • Wikipedia, Tuttul
  • The History Files, Tuttul
  • Tuttul, excavation images

 

5,000 B.P.  Harappan civilization.

  • Wikipedia, Harappa
  • Harappan Civilization
  • Harappa excavation images

 

5,000 B.P. Mohenjo-daro.

  • Wikipedia, Mohenjo-Daro
  • Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley Civilization city 
  • Harappa excavation images

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